Closed-weight frontier multimodal models
14
Models
4 organisations
0%
Open weights
0 open, 14 closed
14
Frontier
By Epoch's flag
—
Largest traceable
No traceable figure
2023–2026
Span
0 with a traceable size
Organisation
Country
Records
14| Model | Organisation | Released | Parameters | Weights |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GPT-6 Astra | OpenAI | 2026-09 | — | Closed |
| Llama 4 Behemoth (preview) | Meta AI | 2025-04 | 2.0T * | Closed |
| GPT-4o (Mar 2025) | OpenAI | 2025-03 | — | Closed |
| GPT-4o (Jan 2025) | OpenAI | 2025-01 | — | Closed |
| GPT-4o (Nov 2024) | OpenAI | 2024-11 | — | Closed |
| GPT-4o (Aug 2024) | OpenAI | 2024-08 | — | Closed |
| Claude 3.5 Sonnet | Anthropic | 2024-06 | — | Closed |
| GPT-4o | OpenAI | 2024-05 | — | Closed |
| GPT-4 Turbo (Apr 2024) | OpenAI | 2024-04 | — | Closed |
| Claude 3 Opus | Anthropic | 2024-03 | — | Closed |
| Gemini 1.0 Ultra | Google DeepMind | 2023-12 | — | Closed |
| GPT-4 Turbo (Nov 2023) | OpenAI | 2023-11 | — | Closed |
| GPT-4 (Jun 2023) | OpenAI | 2023-06 | 1.8T * | Closed |
| GPT-4 (Mar 2023) | OpenAI | 2023-03 | 1.8T * | Closed |
An asterisk marks a parameter figure the source does not consider traceable to the people who built the model. That judgement is the source’s and it has false negatives: Kimi K3 is marked speculative at 2.8T while Moonshot’s own model card states the figure. Why that distinction carries the whole exhibit.
Counts are of models Epoch AI records as notable, not of every model released. The most recent month is always incomplete, because a model enters the dataset when it is reviewed rather than when it ships.
Epoch AI, 'Data on AI Models'. Published online at epoch.ai. Retrieved from 'https://epoch.ai/data/ai-models-documentation' Used under CC BY 4.0.